Vitamin A:
vitamin A is an essential nutrient needed in small amounts by humans for the normal functioning of the visual system
growth and development; and maintenance of epithelial cellular integrity, immune function, and reproduction.
These dietary needs for vitamin A are normally provided for as preformed retinol (mainly as retinyl ester) and
provitamin A carotenoids.
Vitamin E:
Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in the cell antioxidant defence system and is exclusively obtained
from the diet. For dietary purposes vitamin E activity is expressed as a-tocopherol equivalents (a-Tes). One a-TE is
the activity of 1 mg RRR-a-tocopherol (d-a-tocopherol) . vitamin E is a phenolic antioxidant.the major biological role
of vitamin E is to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and other components of cell membranes and low
density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation by free radicals. Muscle and neurological problems are also a consequence
of human vitamin E deficiency. Dietary vitamin E reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin C:
When there is insufficient vitamin C in the diet, humans suffer from potentially lethal deficiency disease scurvy. A
common feature of vitamin C deficiency is anaemia. Epidemiological studies indicate that diets with high vitamin C
content have been associated with lower cancer risk, especially for cancers of the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach,
colon and lung.
The B complex Vitamins:
Thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine,and
pyridoxal, pantothenic acid , nbioin) have important physiological roles in human metabolism. Thiamin has coenzyme
function in metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids, riboflavin has coenzyme function in
numerous oxidation and reduction reactions, niacin is coenzyme/cosubstrate for hydrogen transfer with numerous
dehydrogenases, Vitamin b6 has coenzyme functions in metabolism of amino acids, glycogen, and sphingoid bases,
while pantothenic acid is a constituent of coenzyme A and phosphopantetheine involved in fatty acid metabolism.
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